Ancient regulatory evolution shapes individual language abilities in present-day humans
- Lucas G. Casten
- Tanner Koomar
- Taylor R. Thomas
- Jin-Young Koh
- Dabney Hofammann
- Savantha Thenuwara
- Allison Momany
- Marlea O’Brien
- Jeffrey C. Murray
- J. Bruce Tomblin
- Jacob J. Michaelson
2026-04-22
Language is a defining feature of our species, yet the genomic changes enabling it remain poorly understood. Despite decades of work since FOXP2 ’s discovery, we still lack a clear picture of which regions shaped language evolution and how variation contributes to present-day phenotypic differences. Using an evolutionary stratified polygenic score approach, we find that human ancestor quickly evolved regions (HAQERs) are associated with spoken language abilities (discovery N = 350, total replication N > 100,000). HAQERs evolved before the human-Neanderthal split, giving hominins increased binding of Forkhead and Homeobox transcription factors, and show evidence of balancing selection across the past 20,000 years. Language-associated variants in HAQERs appear more prevalent in Neanderthals, and HAQER-like sequences show convergent evolution across vocal-learning mammals. Our results reveal how ancient innovations continue shaping human language.