Nature Sustainability

Doubling of the global freshwater footprint of material production over two decades

• Yao Wang
• Fengmei Ma
• Heming Wang
• Asaf Tzachor
• Meng Jiang
• Kai Fang
• Sai Liang
• Bing Zhu
• Edgar G. Hertwich
• Manfred Lenzen
• Heinz Schandl
• Stephan Lutter

2025-10-30

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DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01661-2