Electrical control of induced magnetism in an air-stable two-dimensional semiconductor
- Qi Zhang
- Mithun Ghosh
- Yaroslav Zhumagulov
- Oldrich Cicvarek
- Yuan Chen
- Fangchao Long
- Yijie Lin
- Ali Al Mejamai
- Johan Félisaz
- Iva Plutnarová
- Jianmin Yang
- Hue Thi Bich Do
- Jan Plutnar
- Michel Bosman
- Shengqiang Zhou
- Goki Eda
- Oleg V. Yazyev
- Zdenek Sofer
- Ahmet Avsar
2026-09-02
Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) provide a platform for electrically controlling spin interactions; however, conventional systems face limited gate tunability and structural disorder. Here, we demonstrate gate-switchable magnetism in air-stable, dilute Fe-doped PtSe 2 , a two-dimensional (2D) DMS that remains structurally homogeneous down to the atomically thin limit. Bulk crystals exhibit ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature of 320 kelvin, and this coupling persists in metallic devices down to seven layers. As thickness and carrier concentration further decrease, the system transitions to antiferromagnetic order, with a gate-tunable Néel temperature reaching 105 kelvin in five-layer semiconducting devices. Our first-principles calculations reveal a carrier-density–dependent crossover from Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida–mediated ferromagnetism to superexchange-driven antiferromagnetism. These findings demonstrate how induced magnetic order evolves from bulk to the 2D limit, providing a pathway to functional spintronic devices with electrically controlled magnetic states.