From nicotine to SARS-CoV-2 antivirals with potent in vivo efficacy and a broad anti-coronavirus spectrum
- Kaustav Khatua
- Sandeep Atla
- Demonta Coleman
- Lauren R. Blankenship
- Yugendar R. Alugubelli
- Veerabhadra Vulupala
- Xuejiao Shirley Guo
- Hongjie Xia
- Birte K. Kalveram
- David H. Walker
- Brett L. Hurst
- Sathish Kumar
- Chia-Chuan D. Cho
- Shivangi Sharma
- Kai Yang
- Dorsa Rabie
- Satyanarayana Nyalata
- Benjamin W. Neuman
- Xuping Xie
- Shiqing Xu
- Wenshe Ray Liu
2026-02-14
Anecdotal reports about smoking that might prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection inspire the search for nicotine and its pyrolysis products as inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M Pro ). This effort leads to the discovery of 3-vinylpyridine as an M Pro inhibitor. 3-Vinylpyridine resembles part of nirmatrelvir in binding to M Pro but does not involve a critical interaction with residue E166, whose mutation has led to resistance to nirmatrelvir. Integration of the two molecules, followed by a medicinal chemistry campaign, produces several molecules with better in vitro potency than nirmatrelvir. Two lead molecules, YR-C-136 and SR-B-103, display better pharmacokinetic characteristics than nirmatrelvir in virus-challenged male mice and much better antiviral efficacy in virus-challenged female mice. Both molecules maintain high potency in inhibiting the nirmatrelvir-resistant M Pro (E166V/L50F) variant. They also exhibit a broad and highly potent antiviral spectrum against most pathogenic coronaviruses. With high in vivo potency, both molecules are potentially standalone pan-antivirals for coronaviruses and may serve as countermeasures for future coronavirus outbreaks.