Indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with tin oxide recombination layer and electrodes
- Wei Shi
- Shibo Wang
- Shumao Wang
- Yue Zhang
- Xiaoqiong Ren
- Cao Yu
- Xinya Niu
- Bo Gao
- Liu Yang
- Bowen Yang
- Wenhao Li
- Xinyao Sun
- Jianwei Yu
- Jun Zhu
- Shengxing Zhou
- Yihua Chen
- Fengxian Cao
- Kun Gao
- Chang Wang
- Xi Chen
- Shaofei Yang
- Jian Zhou
- Chenxu He
- Ruy Sebastian Bonilla
- Yiliang Wu
- Qi Chen
- Zijia Li
- Yuan Cheng
- Xinbo Yang
- Xiaohong Zhang
2026-06-18
Indium-based transparent conductive oxides are widely used as electrodes and recombination layers in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, yet their scalability is constrained by indium scarcity and sputtering-induced damage. Here we report high efficiency and stable indium-free perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells enabled by reactive plasma deposited tin oxide (RPD-SnO x ). For RPD-SnO x as the recombination layer, a certified efficiency of 33.6% is achieved. Fully indium-free tandems that used RPD-SnO x as both recombination layer and electrodes delivering a champion PCE of 33.2% (1 cm 2 ) and a mini-module with a certified efficiency of 31.0% (207.9 cm 2 ). Dense and uniform self-assembled monolayer anchoring enabled by RPD-SnO x suppressed non-radiative recombination and reduced halide migration. Indium-free mini-modules exhibited high thermal, damp-heat, and outdoor operational stability and retained 65% of their maximum initial efficiency after 105 days of outdoor operation.