Multivalent ligands regulate dimensional engineering for inverted perovskite solar modules
- Xiaoming Chang
- Yanping Liu
- Yue Ping
- Nan Wu
- Tinghuan Yang
- Chenqing Tian
- Zhaoheng Ling
- Badri Vishal
- Anil Reddy Pininti
- Jong Bin Park
- Sang Young Jeong
- Yan Qin
- Wing Tung Hui
- Fion Sze Yan Yeung
- Yu-Ying Yang
- Hailiang Liao
- Adi Prasetio
- Furkan H. Isikgor
- Mingjie He
- Drajad Satrio Utomo
- Rongbo Wang
- Kui Zhao
- Mario Lanza
- Han Young Woo
- Martin Heeney
- Stefaan De Wolf
- Yen-Hung Lin
- Leonidas Tsetseris
- Randi Azmi
- Thomas D. Anthopoulos
2026-01-08
Multivalent, resonance-stabilized amidinium ligands enable stronger chemical coordination and reduced deprotonation compared with conventional monovalent ammonium ligands in low-dimensional perovskites. Here, we introduce a controllable one- to two-dimensional (1D-to-2D) structural transition strategy by systematically tuning ligand conformation, thereby modulating hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and basicity to elucidate the relationship between molecular structure, interfacial interactions, and resulting dimensionality. The 1D-amidinium perovskite structure, with its pronounced geometric anisotropy, impedes uniform surface coverage and defect passivation. In contrast, the 2D-amidinium perovskite forms a continuous, homogeneous interfacial layer, enabling more effective defect passivation and favorable energy-level alignment. With dimensionality control, inverted 3D/2D-amidinium perovskite solar cells deliver 25.4% power conversion efficiency (1.1 square centimeters, steady-state certified) and maintain >95% of their initial efficiency after 1100 hours of continuous 1-sun operation at 85°C.