Plasma surface engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells and modules
- Rundong Fan
- Yue Ma
- Shuoyang Xu
- Liang Cheng
- Zhongyang Zhang
- Yan Li
- Huijun Liu
- Zhaoboxun Bao
- Guilin Liu
- Yuetong Wu
- Xinmeng Zhuang
- Kailin Li
- Yanrun Chen
- Jackson Tze Fung Ng
- BoShiun Huang
- Wentao Zhou
- Yu Zhang
- Ying Han
- Ruiyang Yin
- Shaocheng Liu
- Tianhao Xia
- Mengqi Xiao
- Xiaowei Zhan
- Xiaoxu Zhao
- Qi Chen
- Huanping Zhou
2026-07-30
The instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) stems largely from the formation and evolution of interfacial defects associated with the soft, multicomponent perovskite lattice. We report a scalable, plasma-based passivation strategy that forms conformal, uniform, and strong-bonded heterostructure through in situ chemical reactions on large-area perovskite films. This approach also mitigates defect accumulation within the laser-scribed interconnection regions, where localized damage often dominates module-level performance losses. We achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.2% in small-area devices (active area 8.313 square millimeters) and 24.0% (certified efficiency of 23.5%) in 100-square-centimeter (cm 2 ) modules (aperture area 65.05 cm 2 ). The small-area device retained 98.1% of its initial PCE after 2000 hours of maximum power point tracking at 85°C under 1-sun illumination, and the 100-cm 2 module retained 99.3% of its initial PCE after 1600 hours at 65°C under 1-sun illumination.