Systemic-to-local nanorobot thrombolysis
- Di Zhang
- Ouling Zhu
- Fangzhi Mou
- Xinyi Wang
- Chuan Cao
- Wei Yi
- Manyi Yang
- Yun Liu
- Xinkang Du
- Xiao Wang
- Jianfeng Liu
- Ding Wang
- Wei Luo
- Zhi Li
- Jianguo Guan
2026-05-20
Magnetic micro/nanorobots hold promise for targeted thrombolysis, yet face challenges of rapid immune clearance and poor degradability, often necessitating invasive localized deployment and retrieval. Here, we present safe and versatile systemic-to-local thrombolysis enabled by magnetic nanorobots constructed from polyvinyl pyrrolidone–shielded porous Fe 3 O 4 colloidal nanocrystal clusters (p-Fe 3 O 4 @PVP CNCs). In this building block design, the PVP coating facilitates efficient tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) loading while ensuring prolonged circulation following systemic injection. The p-Fe 3 O 4 core provides a strong collective magnetic moment necessary for sequential magnetic collection (via gradient field H ) and actuation into navigating nanorobots [via precessing field H p ( t )] for targeted thrombolysis. Following thrombolysis, removal of H p ( t ) disassemble the nanorobots into dispersed CNCs that, owing to their porous structure and ultrasmall primary nanocrystals (<5 nanometers), undergo rapid lysosomal degradation and are cleared primarily via the liver-bile-intestine axis, resulting in no long-term toxicity. This platform overcomes key translational challenges for nanorobotic thrombolytic therapy.