Tailoring crystallization kinetics for scalable and efficient large-area perovskite light-emitting diodes
- Sung-Doo Baek
- Yuanhao Tang
- Hyuntae Choi
- Shang Jiang
- Qixuan Hu
- Yu-ting Yang
- Hanjun Yang
- Wenzhan Xu
- Kyu Yoon
- Devansh Drolia
- Limei Wang
- Syed Joy
- Su Hye Jeong
- Gangsan Lee
- Vivek Narsimhan
- Kenneth R Graham
- Jeffrey T. Miller
- Jianguo Mei
- Yoon Ho Lee
- Letian Dou
2026-06-03
Scalable fabrication of uniform perovskite films is a critical bottleneck for large-area perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), hindered by coffee-ring formation and heterogeneous crystallization upon scaling. Here, we report a multimodal solvent-engineering strategy enabling highly uniform films via ambient blade coating combined with vacuum-assisted solvent evaporation. Incorporating N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and acetonitrile (ACN) into a dimethylformamide (DMF)–based system synergistically modulates evaporation dynamics: It suppresses macroscopic solute segregation through Marangoni flow–induced redistribution, while tuning precursor coordination to regulate nucleation/phase conversion and promote radiatively efficient film formation. Consequently, the ternary formulation yields films with improved uniformity, reduced trap densities, and enhanced radiative efficiency. Near-infrared (NIR) PeLEDs achieve peak external quantum efficiencies of 25.2% (10 mm 2 ), 22.1% (60 mm 2 ), and 19.0% (224 mm 2 ). A functional vein-imaging prototype is also demonstrated using a 224-mm 2 device, highlighting the impact for large-area optoelectronic applications.