The Effect of Applied Potential on the Li-mediated Nitrogen Reduction Reaction Performance
- Boaz Izelaar
- Pranav Karanth
- Arash Toghraei
- Santosh K. Pal
- Nandalal Girichandran
- Mark Weijers
- Ruud W. A. Hendrikx
- Fokko M. Mulder
- Ruud Kortlever
2025-11-27
The Li-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR) has been proposed as one of the most promising ambient production routes for green ammonia. However, the effect of the applied potential ( E we ) on the reaction performance and the properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) remain poorly understood. Herein, we combine potential controlled experiments using a reliable Li x FePO 4 based reference electrode with post-mortem SEI characterization techniques, wherein we observe both an increase in the LiF concentration in the SEI, originating from LiTFSI decomposition, and the Faradaic efficiency (FE NH3 ) with an increasing E we . The transition from a predominantly organic SEI at low E we (−3.2 V SHE ) to a LiF-enriched layer at higher E we indicates the existence of kinetic barriers for the SEI formation reactions. Moreover, thicker and denser SEI structures observed at a higher E we enhance the Li-NRR by improving the mass transport regulation between reactant species. However, these thicker and denser SEI morphologies lead to current instabilities due to dynamic SEI thickening and breakdown.