Type I IFN autoantibodies underlie chikungunya live-attenuated vaccine encephalitis
- Adrian Gervais
- Paul Bastard
- Qian Zhang
- Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee
- Lucy Bizien
- Lotfi Dahmane
- Marie-Pierre Moiton
- Julien Jabot
- Radj Cally
- Alexis Maillard
- Etienne Frumence
- Xavier de Lamballerie
- Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Jérémie Rosain
- Aurélie Cobat
- Laurent Abel
- Anne Puel
- Cyril Ferdynus
- Émilie Mosnier
- Patrick Gérardin
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
2026-01-22
Human autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) have emerged as strong, common, and global determinants of a growing number of severe viral diseases, including hypoxemic viral pneumonia, arboviral encephalitis, and adverse reaction to the live-attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a growing global health concern that the live-attenuated vaccine VLA1553 (IXCHIQ®) was developed to address. In 2025, five unrelated adults (aged 82 to 88) on the island of La Réunion (France) developed severe reactions postvaccination; two died. The three patients with encephalitis (aged 84 to 85), including one lethal case, had immunoglobulin G autoantibodies in the blood neutralizing high concentrations of both IFN-α and -ω on admission. An 82-y-old survived rhabdomyolysis without encephalitis, and an 88-y-old died during hospitalization following CHIKV infection despite late vaccination; both lacked autoantibodies against type I IFNs. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs underlie all three cases of live-attenuated CHIKV vaccine encephalitis studied. Individuals with autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs should not be inoculated with live-attenuated YFV and CHIKV vaccines.